An effective way to neutralize the possibility of criticism is to undermine others' conception of themselves as an autonomous locus of thought, judgment, and action. ![]() Some individuals cannot tolerate disagreement with or criticism of their worldview from important individuals in their life (e.g., friends, loved ones, romantic partners). Some psychologists are not encouraged by this increased international awareness of the dangers of gaslighting, warning that overuse of the term could dilute its potency and downplay the serious health consequences of such abuse. The gaslighting behaviors of the spouse provide a recipe for the so-called ' nervous breakdown' for some suicide in some of the worst situations." Dorpat also cautions clinicians about the unintentional abuse of patients when using interrogation and other methods of covert control in Psychotherapy and Analysis, as these methods can subtly coerce patients rather than respect and genuinely help them. : 246 He writes, "Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the reactions. recommends non-directive and egalitarian attitudes and methods on the part of clinicians, : 225 and "treating patients as active collaborators and equal partners". ![]() In the 1996 book Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis, Theo L. Other experts have noted values and techniques of therapists can be harmful as well as helpful to clients (or indirectly to other people in a client's life). In a case study published in 1977, Lund and Gardiner reviewed a case of paranoid psychosis in an elderly female who was reported to have recurrent episodes, apparently induced by the staff of the institution where the patient was a resident. The research paper "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome" (1988) includes clinical observations of the impact on wives after their reactions were mislabeled by their husbands and male therapists. "Gaslighting" is occasionally used in clinical literature but is considered a colloquialism by the American Psychological Association. Oxford University Press named gaslighting as a runner-up in their list of the most popular new words of 2018. The American Dialect Society recognized the word gaslight as the "most useful" new word of the year in 2016. However, there were only nine additional uses in the following twenty years. The New York Times first used the common gerund form, gaslighting, in Maureen Dowd's 1995 column. The term is now defined in Merriam-Webster as "to make someone question their reality". According to the American Psychological Association, it "once referred to manipulation so extreme as to induce mental illness or to justify commitment of the gaslighted person to a psychiatric institution but is now used more generally". ![]() ![]() Gaslighting was largely an obscure or esoteric term until the mid-2010s, when it broadly seeped into English lexicon. The 1944 film is a remake of the 1940 film of the same name, which in turn is based on the 1938 thriller play, set in the Victorian era, Gas Light. The term "gaslighting" itself is not in the screenplay or mentioned in the movie. The title refers to the gaslight illumination of the house which seems to waver whenever the husband leaves his wife alone at home. The term "gaslighting" derives from the title of the 1944 film Gaslight, in which a husband uses trickery to convince his wife that she is mentally unwell so he can steal from her. Charles Boyer, Ingrid Bergman, and Joseph Cotten in the 1944 film Gaslight
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